Depresión y violencia conyugal en gestantes peruanas durante la pandemia por la COVID-19

Introducción: Las medidas restrictivas que optaron para aminorar el contagio por COVID-19 pudieron mantener e incluso incrementar los altos niveles de depresión y violencia, poniendo en riesgo tanto al feto como la madre. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y factores asociados a la depresión en gestantes peruanas durante la pandemia por la COVID-19. El estudio: Estudio observacional-analítico, con 267 gestantes en su tercer trimestre de embarazo. Realizándose durante el mes de enero del 2021, aplicando la Escala de Edimburgo y la versión en español del Index of Spouse Abuse-19 (ISA-19). Hallazgos: El 62.17% de gestantes presento depresión y el 17.6%, violencia conyugal durante el embarazo. La violencia conyugal, el antecedente de al menos un embarazo perdido y el embarazo planificado, se asociaron a la depresión. Conclusiones: La violencia conyugal aumenta la prevalencia de depresión durante el embarazo a diferencia de un embarazo planificado o el antecedente de al menos un embarazo perdido.

Introduction: The restrictive measures chosen to reduce COVID-19 infection could maintain and even increase high levels of depression and violence, putting at risk both the fetus and the mother. Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression in pregnant Peruvians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study: Observational-analytical study, with 267 pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Conducted during the month of January 2021, applying the Edinburgh Scale and the Spanish version of the Index of Spouse Abuse-19 (ISA-19). Findings: 62.17% of pregnant women presented depression and 17.6% spousal violence during pregnancy. Spousal violence, the history of at least one lost pregnancy and planned pregnancy, were associated with depression. Conclusions: Spousal violence increases the prevalence of depression during pregnancy as opposed to a planned pregnancy or the history of at least one lost pregnancy.

[Publishing and its associated factors in teachers of scientific research in schools of medicine in Peru]. / Publicación y factores asociados en docentes universitarios de investigación científica de escuelas de medicina del Perú

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequency of publication and its associated factors by professors of scientific research in medical schools in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. We included all teachers of research courses from the 32 medical schools in Peru in 2011. The publication search was conducted using Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline. Both the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated with confidence intervals at 95% using simple and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: Of the 201 university teachers, 43.8% had never published an article in a journal, 26.9% had an original article published in a journal indexed in Medline and 16.4% did so in the past two years. Only 3% had been corresponding authors in non-Peruvian, indexed journals Factors associated with having an original article published in Medline in the past two years were: being under 40 years of age (aPR 2.97, 95% CI: 1.21-7.32), being a professor at a university where a final thesis is required for graduation (aPR 8.84, 95% CI: 2.60-30.12) and working for a highly productive university (aPR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.03-10.20). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of publication of research faculty in medical schools in Peru is low. Young university teachers and those working at scientifically productive universities were more likely to publish in an indexed journal.

Publicación y factores asociados en docentes universitarios de investigación científica de escuelas de medicina del Perú / Publishing and its associated factors in teachers of scientific research in schools of medicine in Peru

Objetivos. Evaluar la frecuencia de publicación y sus factores asociados en docentes universitarios de investigación científica de escuelas de Medicina del Perú. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal analítico. Se incluyó a todos los docentes universitarios de los cursos de investigación de las 32 escuelas de medicina del Perú en el año 2011. La búsqueda de publicaciones se realizó mediante Google Scholar, SCOPUS y Medline. Se calculó las razones de prevalencias crudas y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95% mediante regresión de Poisson simple y múltiple con varianza robusta. Resultados. De los 201 docentes universitarios, 43,8% nunca ha publicado un artículo en una revista, 26,9% publicó un artículo original en una revista indizada en Medline y 16,4% lo hizo en los últimos dos años. Solo 3,0% han sido autores corresponsales en alguna revista indizada no peruana. Los factores asociados con haber publicado un artículo original en Medline durante los dos últimos años es ser menor de 40 años de edad (RPa: 2,97; IC 95%:1,21-7,32), ser profesor en una universidad donde se requiere tesis obligatoria para graduarse (RPa: 8,84; IC 95%: 2,60-30,12) y trabajar para una universidad altamente productiva (RPa: 3,24; IC 95%: 1,03-10,20). Conclusiones. La frecuencia de publicación de los docentes en investigación de las escuelas de medicina del Perú es baja. Los docentes universitarios jóvenes y los que trabajan para universidades científicamente productivas presentaron más probabilidades de publicar en una revista indizada en Medline...

Objectives. To evaluate the frequency of publication and its associated factors by professors of scientific research in medical schools in Peru. Materials and methods. This was a cross-sectional study. We included all teachers of research courses from the 32 medical schools in Peru in 2011. The publication search was conducted using Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline. Both the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated with confidence intervals at 95% using simple and multiple Poisson regression with robust variance. Results. Of the 201 university teachers, 43.8% had never published an article in a journal, 26.9% had an original article published in a journal indexed in Medline and 16.4% did so in the past two years. Only 3% had been corresponding authors in non-Peruvian, indexed journals Factors associated with having an original article published in Medline in the past two years were: being under 40 years of age (aPR 2.97, 95% CI: 1.21-7.32), being a professor at a university where a final thesis is required for graduation (aPR 8.84, 95% CI: 2.60-30.12) and working for a highly productive university (aPR 3.24, 95% CI: 1.03-10.20). Conclusions. The frequency of publication of research faculty in medical schools in Peru is low. Young university teachers and those working at scientifically productive universities were more likely to publish in an indexed journal...

Efectos sobre la temperatura, frecuencia respiratoria, frecuencia cardiaca y electrocardiograma de Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. (chuchuhuasi) / Effects of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq. (chuchuhuasi) in temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and electrocardiogram

Introducción: estudios de árboles del género Maytenus, especies forsskaoliana, ilicifolia y krukovii revelan efectos depresores a nivel cardiovascular sobre la presión arterial y frecuencia cardiaca. Objetivos: analizar experimentalmente los efectos de las hojas de Maytenus macrocarpa "chuchuhuasi" sobre la frecuencia cardiaca, patrones electrocardiográficos, frecuencia respiratoria, y temperatura. Métodos: investigación de tipo exploratorio, analítico y experimental. Se utilizaron ratas albinas en 9 grupos de 8 ratas. Grupo 1 (control: Halatal), grupo 2 (placebo: agua destilada), grupo 3 (adrenalina), grupo 4 (atropina), grupo 5 (acetilcolina), grupo 6 (propranolol), grupo 7 (chuchuhuasi 500 mg/kg), grupo 8 (chuchuhuasi 1 000 mg/kg) y grupo 9 (chuchuhuasi 1 500 mg/kg). La temperatura rectal se midió con termómetro de mercurio, la frecuencia respiratoria, por conteo directo; el electrocardiograma y la frecuencia cardiaca, mediante el uso de polígrafo. El programa MATLAB se utilizó para analizar los datos obtenidos en el electrocardiograma. Para la validación estadística se usó la prueba de ANOVA, pruebas de Tuckey, Wilconxon y Shapiro-Wilk. Resultados: Maytenus macrocarpa mostró mayor actividad depresora sobre la frecuencia cardiaca (promedio 308,6 ppm), mayor efecto inotrópico negativo (promedio onda P: 0,08300 mv, promedio onda R: 0,1539 mv), marcada bradipnea (promedio 51,6 rpm) e hipotermia (promedio: 31,84 °C) a dosis de 1 500 mg/kg. Conclusiones: Maytenus macrocarpa demostró efecto bradicardizante, depresor de la frecuencia respiratoria y la temperatura corporal.

Introduction: studies on Maytenus trees comprising forsskaoliana, krukovii, and ilicifolia species showed depressing effects on the blood pressure and the heart rate. Objectives: to experimentally analyze the effects of Maytenus macrocarpa leaves on the heart rate, the electrocardiographic patterns, the respiratory rate, and the temperature. Method: this study was exploratory, analytical, and experimental. Albino rats were grouped in 9 groups of 8 rats each. Group 1 (control: Halatal), group 2 (placebo: distillated water), group 3 (adrenaline), group 4 (atropine), group 5 (acetylcholine), group 6 (propranolol), group 7 (500 mg/kg chuchuhuasi), group 8 (1 000 mg/kg chuchuhuasi), and group 9 (1 500 mg/kg chuchuhuasi). The rectal temperature was measured with a mercury thermometer, whereas the direct count allowed measuring the respiratory frequency. The polygraph registered electrocardiogram and heart rate as well. The MATLAB program analyzed data from the electrocardiogram. The statistic validation was performed with ANOVA, Tuckey, Wilcoxon, and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Results: Maytenus macrocarpa showed depressing effects on the cardiac frequency, being more effective at 1 500 mg/kg doses (average 308.6 ppm), higher negative inotropic effect at 1 500 mg/kg doses (average P wave 0.08300 mv, average R wave 0.1539 mV). Severe bradypnea was shown at 1 500 mg/kg doses (average RF 51.6 rpm), as well as hypothermia (average T° 31.84 °C). Conclusion: Maytenus macrocarpa demonstrated bradycardic as well as depressing effects on respiratory frequency and body temperature.